Donate Help Contact The AHA Sign In Home
American Heart Association
Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes
Search: search_blue_button Advanced Search
« Previous Article | Table of Contents | Next Article »
Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes. 2009;2:170-177
Published online before print May 5, 2009, doi: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.108.823765
Free Article
This Article
Free upon publication Free Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
2/3/170    most recent
CIRCOUTCOMES.108.823765v1
Right arrow Submit an eLetter
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Rinfret, S.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Rinfret, S.
Related Collections
Right arrow Compliance/Adherence
Right arrow Primary prevention
Right arrow Clinical Studies

Original Articles

The Impact of a Multidisciplinary Information Technology–Supported Program on Blood Pressure Control in Primary Care

Stéphane Rinfret, MD, MSc; Marie-Thérèse Lussier, MD, MSc; Anthony Peirce, MSc; Fabie Duhamel, PhD; Sylvie Cossette, PhD; Lyne Lalonde, PhD; Chantal Tremblay, RN; Marie-Claude Guertin, PhD; Jacques LeLorier, MD, PhD; Jacques Turgeon, PhD; Pavel Hamet, MD, PhD for the LOYAL Study Investigators

From the Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (S.R., A.P., C.T., J.L., J.T., P.H.), University of Montreal; the Department of Medicine (S.R., J.L., P.H.), Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, University of Montreal; the Primary Care Research Team (M.-T.L., F.D.), Cité de la Santé de Laval; the Department of Family Medicine (M.-T.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal; the Faculty of Nursing (F.D., S.C.), University of Montreal; the Montreal Heart Institute Research Center (S.C.); the Faculty of Pharmacy (L.L., J.T.), University of Montreal; and the Montreal Heart Institute Coordination Center (M.-C.G.), Quebec, Canada.

Correspondence to Pavel Hamet, MD, PhD, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal - Technopôle Angus, 2901 rue Rachel Est, bureau 401-1, Montréal, QC, H1W 4A4. E-mail pavel.hamet{at}umontreal.ca

Received July 29, 2008; accepted January 27, 2009.


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 WHAT IS KNOWN
 WHAT THE STUDY ADDS
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Appendix
 References
 
Background— Hypertension is a leading mortality risk factor yet inadequately controlled in most affected subjects. Effective programs to address this problem are lacking. We hypothesized that an information technology–supported management program could help improve blood pressure (BP) control.

Methods and Results— This randomized controlled trial included 223 primary care hypertensive subjects with mean 24-hour BP >130/80 and daytime BP >135/85 mm Hg measured with ambulatory monitoring (ABPM). Intervention subjects received a BP monitor and access to an information technology–supported adherence and BP monitoring system providing nurses, pharmacists, and physicians with monthly reports. Control subjects received usual care. The mean (±SD) follow-up was 348 (±78) and 349 (±84) days in the intervention and control group, respectively. The primary end point of the change in the mean 24-hour ambulatory BP was consistently greater in intervention subjects for both systolic (–11.9 versus –7.1 mm Hg; P<0.001) and diastolic BP (–6.6 versus –4.5 mm Hg; P=0.007). The proportion of subjects that achieved Canadian Guideline target BP (46.0% versus 28.6%) was also greater in the intervention group (P=0.006). We observed similar BP declines for ABPM and self-recorded home BP suggesting the latter could be an alternative for confirming BP control. The intervention was associated with more physician-driven antihypertensive dose adjustments or changes in agents (P=0.03), more antihypertensive classes at study end (P=0.007), and a trend toward improved adherence measured by prescription refills (P=0.07).

Conclusions— This multidisciplinary information technology–supported program that provided feedback to patients and healthcare providers significantly improved blood pressure levels in a primary care setting.

Key Words: hypertension • blood pressure • blood pressure monitoring, ambulatory


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
WHAT IS KNOWN
 WHAT THE STUDY ADDS
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Appendix
 References
 
Only 25% of North American hypertensive patients have adequate blood pressure (BP) control.1 Reasons for lack of control in treated subjects include nonadherence, lower BP goals, monotherapy, and clinician "inertia" or inadequate management.2–4 Suboptimal flow of information between primary healthcare providers may also be a contributing factor.5 The involvement of pharmacists, nurses, or communication technologies to enhance hypertension management may improve BP; however, most studies that tested interventions to optimize patient follow-up, pharmacotherapy, and adherence were small and none combined these approaches in a randomized design or used 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) to assess outcomes.6–14

Our multidisciplinary research group developed an information technology (IT)-supported management program to facilitate BP and adherence data circulation between patients and primary care healthcare providers, without the need for high intensity and costly personnel interventions. We tested the hypothesis that this multifaceted program would improve mean 24-hour BP levels.


   WHAT IS KNOWN
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 WHAT IS KNOWN
WHAT THE STUDY ADDS
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Appendix
 References
 


   WHAT THE STUDY ADDS
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 WHAT IS KNOWN
 WHAT THE STUDY ADDS
Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Appendix
 References
 


   Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 WHAT IS KNOWN
 WHAT THE STUDY ADDS
 Methods
Results
 Discussion
 Appendix
 References
 
Study Design
The study was a randomized controlled trial (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00374829; ISRCTN75436659) using a prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded end points design, as used in a number of hypertensive trials15–17 when blinding is impractical. As this study did not include hard clinical end points, such as mortality, myocardial infarctions, etc, no data safety and monitoring board (DSMB) was felt to be necessary. An external advisory and blinded end point committee was created to monitor study progress and analyze and adjudicate results without knowledge of the study group to which subjects were assigned.

Participants
Consecutive subjects aged ≥18 years with an office diagnosis of hypertension according American and Canadian guidelines18–20 followed by one of 21 physicians from 8 primary care clinics in the city of Laval, Quebec, Canada and who filled their prescriptions at one of 32 participating pharmacies were offered to participate in the trial by their physician. Subjects unlikely to complete the study, with chronic atrial fibrillation, pregnant, or those participating in another trial were excluded. Physicians involved in the study had no previous experience with telemedicine technology or hypertension management programs. Subjects were followed at their usual point of care by their primary care physician throughout the study period; however, ABPMs were conducted at the regional ambulatory hospital center by study staff. Only subjects with hypertension confirmed by a mean 24-hour BP ≥130/80 and daytime BP ≥135/85 mm Hg measured by ABPM were randomized. Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Centre de santé et de services sociaux de Laval (Laval, Quebec, Canada), the regional health center, granted ethical approval for all 8 clinics involved in the study. The IRB of the Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (Montréal, Quebec, Canada), where the study was designed, also provided research and ethics approval. Declaration of Helsinki principles were followed, and all patients read and signed informed consent forms approved by the Centre de santé et de services sociaux de Laval IRB.

Study Groups
Intervention subjects were provided with an educational booklet, a digital home BP monitor (Omron HEM-711AC), a log book and access to a telephone-linked IT-supported management program. The system collected self-recorded BP and self-assessed adherence data (with the Morisky questionnaire)21 weekly from intervention subjects and merged these data with actual pharmacy medication refill data and generated reports, which were faxed monthly to physicians, pharmacists, and study nurses. Based on a predefined algorithm, the system also e-mailed study nurses in the event of poor BP control after 4 weeks or reports of nonadherence. Nurses could subsequently contact subjects to inquire about BP or adherence difficulties and to deal with them or refer subjects to their physician or pharmacist as specified in the study algorithm. Control subjects received usual care and educational materials. Participating pharmacies were provided software so that they could actively transmit data on antihypertensive prescription refills and changes in medication from both study groups to the IT-supported central system.

Outcomes
The primary end point was the change in mean 24-hour systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) over the planned study duration of 1 year (± 30 days) measured by ABPM. Secondary end points included: changes in daytime and nocturnal SBP and DBP measured by ABPM; change in office SBP and DBP, measured by a digital BP monitor (Omron HEM-907); the proportion of subjects that achieved target BP; the number of physician-driven medication changes, the number of antihypertensive agents used; and adherence from pharmacy data collected electronically and validated after on site pharmacy database monitoring. Adherence was expressed as continuous medication availability (CMA) and measures of gaps (CMG) scores calculated from actual pharmacy data, which estimate the proportion of time that subjects have or do not have medication available.22 Given that self-reported adherence data were only assessed in the intervention group, it was not used as an outcome measure.

Sample Size Calculation
Although the primary end point was the change in mean 24-hour SBP and DBP, we elected to determine sample size based on adherence scores, because we hypothesized it would be the most likely determinant of BP control to be impacted by the intervention. A sample size of 250 patients per group would have a power of 80% to detect a difference in compliance rates of 5% (effect size of 0.25) at a standard deviation of 20%.22,23 This sample size had more than 99% power to detect a difference in 24 hour SBP or DBP change from baseline (the primary end point) larger than 3.5 mm Hg (with standard deviations up to 7 mm Hg).24

Randomization
Nurses telephoned a central automated randomization system and provided 2 stratification factors: (1) newly diagnosed, pharmacologically untreated versus uncontrolled pharmacologically treated hypertension; and (2) pharmacologically treated concomitant disease(s) or not. The randomization system assigned subjects to 1 of the 2 treatment groups using randomly permuted blocks for each stratification factor. Study nurses informed subjects as to which treatment group they were assigned.

Statistical Methods
Baseline descriptive statistics to characterize the study population include means±SD for continuous variables and frequency distributions for categorical variables. All primary and secondary end point analyses were performed using the intent-to-treat principle including all randomized subjects. Missing data were estimated using the last-value-carried-forward technique. Subjects lost to follow-up or refusing the final ABPM were attributed the same BP as at the beginning. Subjects lacking pharmacy data were assigned a CMA score of 0 and CMG score of 1. Subjects that withdrew before completing 1 year had CMA and CMG scores calculated as if they had completed 1 year in the study. Additional sensitivity analyses were performed: the first involved no data imputation and was conducted only on subjects who completed follow-up ABPM and study visits for the primary end points only. The second involved multiple imputation analyses on the full sample size for the primary end points.

The change from baseline between groups in primary and secondary BP end points were assessed by an ANOVA model that included treatment and the stratification factors mentioned above and are presented as least square means±SE. All other secondary end points are expressed as medians (interquartile range), and differences between groups were tested by the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. The normality assumption was assessed by examining histograms of the residuals and normal probability plots. The proportion of subjects that achieved target BP was analyzed using a logistic regression model adjusted for the same stratification factors.

Two additional ancillary analyses were performed. To estimate the impact of adherence and numbers of medications taken, a posthoc adherence composite index, the multiple of the CMA value with the number of antihypertensive agents taken at the end of the study was calculated and compared between groups. We also estimated the mean slope of the decline in self-recorded SBP and DBP using a mixed model procedure.

All statistics were performed on a locked and cleaned dataset by independent statistical programmers at the data coordination center. All probability values reported are 2-sided. Mean 24-hour ABPM systolic and diastolic BP were considered the coprimary end points and were analyzed at the 0.025 significance level. All other end points were predefined secondary end points and were analyzed at the 0.05 significance level, without adjustment for multiple comparisons.


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 WHAT IS KNOWN
 WHAT THE STUDY ADDS
 Methods
 Results
Discussion
 Appendix
 References
 
Recruitment and Participant Flow
A total of 371 subjects were referred between May 2004 and March 2007 (Figure 1), of which 15 refused to participate, 13 did not meet inclusion criteria, and 120 did not meet the ABPM criteria. This 39.9% rate of ineligibility significantly delayed recruitment. The Steering Committee requested an unplanned blinded interim analysis by the Advisory Committee who recommended that recruitment be stopped because of significant differences in BP levels between groups. All 51 subjects that had not completed the 1 year study follow-up were called to have their final visit even if 1 year follow-up was not completed.


Figure 1823765
View larger version (33K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PPT slide]
  		Figure 1. Patient selection process and follow-up.

 
Analyses included all 223 randomized subjects, 111 in the intervention and 112 in the control group. The mean (±SD) follow-up was 348 (±78) days in the intervention and 349 (±84) days in the control group. All patients were followed a minimum of 4.9 months. Of all randomized subjects, 1 died (intervention), 14 (12.6%) patients in the intervention and 18 (16.1%) in the control group did not have physician follow-up visits, and 1 was withdrawn by their physician for nonadherence (intervention). A marginally larger proportion of patients in the control than in the intervention group did not undergo a final ABPM (25/112 or 22.3% versus 17/111 or 15.3%, respectively, P=0.18).

Baseline Characteristics
Subjects from both groups had similar baseline demographic and clinical characteristics as well as uncontrolled hypertension at the time of recruitment. The number and proportion of subjects taking medications to treat concomitant disease was also similar (Table 1).


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 1. Baseline Demographic and Clinical Characteristics in the Information Technology–Supported Program (Intervention) and Control Groups at the Time of Randomization
 
Information Technology–Supported Interventions
The system generated 4617 telephone calls to collect BP and self-reported adherence data, corresponding to 42 (±15) answered calls per intervention subject throughout the study. Nurses made 209 contacts in response to e-mail alerts generated by the system for self-reported uncontrolled BP, poor adherence, or hospitalization (an equivalent to 4.5% of all system calls to the patients), which corresponds to 1.9 (±2.4) contacts per intervention subject. Nurses then provided further education on hypertension and adherence or recommended the subject contact their doctor. Mean duration of these calls was 7.5 (±4.9) minutes.

Outcomes
Blood Pressure
Figure 2 illustrates 24-hour measurements, daytime and nocturnal ambulatory BP, and office BP measurements at baseline and study end. Changes and incremental differences between groups in these levels are presented in Figure 3. For the coprimary end points, the mean (±SE) change in 24-hour SBP was –11.9 (±1.0) versus–7.1 (±1.0) mm Hg (P<0.001) and the change in 24-hour DBP was –6.6 (±1.1) versus –4.5 (±1.1) mm Hg (P=0.007) in the intervention and control subjects, respectively. A consistent favorable effect of the intervention was observed on all secondary BP end points.


Figure 2823765
View larger version (26K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PPT slide]
  		Figure 2. Impact of the information technology–supported program (Intervention) vs usual care (Control) on blood pressure levels (ABPM and in office). Data are presented as means with standard error of the means. Probability values are from analyses of variance comparing differences in the change in blood pressure from baseline to study end after adjustment for stratification factors. The BP scale varies from 1 graph to the other, to highlight differences. DBP indicates diastolic blood pressure; IT, information technology; SBP, systolic blood pressure.

 

Figure 3823765
View larger version (16K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PPT slide]
  		Figure 3. Changes from baseline in blood pressure in subjects receiving the information technology–supported program (Intervention) versus usual care (Control) and their differences. Changes are presented as least squares means, adjusting for stratification factors. Differences between groups are presented graphically along with their corresponding 95% CI and probability value. DBP indicates diastolic blood pressure; IT, information technology; SBP, systolic blood pressure.

 
As a larger proportion of controls did not have a final ABPM, sensitivity analyses were conducted on subjects who underwent ABPMs at study end. Without data imputation, the change in 24-hour SBP was –13.9 (±1.1) and –9.0 (±1.1) mm Hg in the intervention and control groups, respectively (P=0.002). Similarly, the change in 24-hour DBP was –7.7 (±0.6) and –5.6 (±0.6) mm Hg in intervention and control subjects, respectively (P=0.02). After multiple imputation parameter estimates for the primary end points, differences between treatments in the change in 24-hour SBP and DBP were 4.22 (±1.6) mm Hg and 2.05 (±0.86), respectively, in favor of the intervention group (P=0.009 and P=0.01).

The mean change in office SBP was –18.7 and–13.8 mm Hg in intervention and control subjects, respectively (P=0.05). Similarly, the mean change in office DBP was –9.1 and –5.6 mm Hg, in intervention and control subjects, respectively, (P=0.02). The proportion of subjects who achieved American and Canadian Guideline target office BP (<140/90) was significantly greater in the intervention group (46.0% versus 28.6% for controls, P=0.006).

Ancillary analyses of self-recorded BP by intervention subjects throughout the study revealed significant slopes (±SE) of –0.025 (±0.003) mm Hg/d, P<0.001 and –0.014 (±0.002) mm Hg/d, P<0.001, for SBP and DBP, respectively. The resulting mean (±SD) decline of –10.7 (±18.8) and –6.1 (±10.9) mm Hg in self-recorded SBP and DBP over the study duration was of similar magnitude as those observed using ABPM but not office BP.

Medications Taken, Refill Adherence, and Physician Visits
The number of physician-driven antihypertensive medication additions or dosage adjustments was significantly higher among intervention subjects (P=0.03; Table 2). At the study end, intervention subjects took a median of 2.0 antihypertensive drug classes, which was higher than the median of 1.0 drug taken by control subjects (P=0.007). There was a trend toward an increase in the total number of different classes of antihypertensive medications dispensed to subjects throughout the study in the intervention group (P=0.07). There was also a trend toward improved drug adherence measured with pharmacy data (CMA) in intervention subjects (P=0.07), and the median posthoc adherence composite index was 1.36 and 1.00 in intervention and control subjects, respectively (P=0.008). The smaller sample size reduced the power to detect a difference between groups in CMA rates to 43% using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. The number of physician visits was similar in both groups (P=0.32). The interval (in days) between randomization and the first physician follow-up visit (P=0.39) was also similar.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 2. Physician Visits, Antihypertensive Medication Adherence, Medication Adjustments, and Medications Taken by Information Technology–Supported Program (Intervention) and Control Subjects
 
Adverse Events
As this trial assessed the impact of an IT-supported subject management system, there were no adverse events that can be associated with the intervention per se. During the study, 1 subject (0.4%) died of cancer (intervention group) and 14 (12.6%) and 8 (7.1%) subjects were hospitalized in the intervention and control groups, respectively (P=0.17).


   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 WHAT IS KNOWN
 WHAT THE STUDY ADDS
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
Appendix
 References
 
We demonstrated, as hypothesized, that our IT-supported management program aimed at facilitating BP and adherence data circulation between patients and primary care providers, without the need for high intensity and costly personnel interventions, achieved statistically and clinically significant reductions in the primary end points of 24-hour SBP and DBP measured using ABPM. Furthermore, we achieved a 61% relative increase in the proportion of subjects at American and Canadian Guidelines office BP targets.19,20 The larger decreases in BP and the improvement of target BP in intervention subjects were associated with more medication adjustments and more antihypertensive classes used, suggesting optimized therapy without an associated increase in clinic visits. The average number of visits to the primary care physician observed in our study corresponds to the number of visits recommended for the follow-up of controlled hypertensive patients, way below the monthly visits recommended for uncontrolled cases.20 There was a trend toward improved adherence and a superior posthoc adherence composite index. It appears the intervention achieved its success by providing regular intervisit feedback to primary care professionals, decreasing clinical inertia as well as regular contact and feedback to the subjects, empowering them to take charge of their disease.

A recent study found that the proportion of patients with controlled BP was not different among patients assigned to home BP monitoring and Web training only compared with usual care.33 In this same study, the addition of care management by a pharmacist delivered to patients through Web communications, significantly improved the proportion of patients with controlled blood pressure compared to usual care.33 Our intervention, although more stringent by assessment with 24-hour ABPM, had similar results and clearly supports the argument that technology coupled with home measurement of BP and follow-up by a health care professional is more likely successful in achieving improved blood pressure control rather than a single component on its own.

A marginally larger proportion of control (25/112 or 22.3% versus 17/111 or15.3% in the intervention group, P=0.18) patients refused the final ABPM, with the usual justification of not having perceived the value of coming back to the ambulatory clinic, which was not their usual point of care. In spite of this, both the sensitivity analyses for the primary end points, which excluded patients who did not have a final ABPM, and the multiple imputation parameter estimates for the primary end points did not change our results.

ABPM measurements were consistently lower than office BP readings, as reported previously.25 The benefits of ABPM are well documented.26–28 We were able to identify subjects that were either normotensive or who had well controlled hypertension ("white coats") before randomization. The long-term risk of events in patients with sustained hypertension has been shown to be twice that of normotensive or white coat patients,27 which further strengthens the argument for the routine use of techniques to screen for hypertension control in primary care. We also observed highly significant negative slopes in self-recorded BP and similar mean BP declines for both ABPM and self-recorded home BP. Such findings support the recent recommendations to use self-recorded BP taken with reliably calibrated home BP monitors in the real-life condition of the patient’s home rather than rely on BP readings taken in the clinic setting.29,30 Home BP monitoring may therefore prove to be an inexpensive alternative to ABPM.

Over 70% of hypertensive patients are uncontrolled (BP ≥140/90) and, even in large trials, lowering SBP under 140 mm Hg was achieved in less than one fourth of patients.27,31 The proportion of subjects with controlled BP (46%) was significantly higher with the IT-supported intervention. The additional 4.8-mm Hg decrease in SBP achieved with the intervention was much higher than previously reported using other IT-supported interventions.12,14 The incremental decrease in SBP observed with the intervention, if sustained, can be projected to result in risk reductions of 30% to 35% for stroke and a 20% to 25% for MI.27

Generalizability of our results is supported by the low intensity of interventions required to achieve BP control. The majority (95.5%) of outbound calls that collected adherence and BP data and generated reports to healthcare providers did not elicit nurse support. The average per patient number of calls (1.9) and time spent on these calls by nurses was extremely modest compared to the 42 IT contacts throughout the study. Therefore, a fairly simple intervention supported by technology that consumed very little human resources can be highly effective in primary care settings.

Our study had several limitations, the first of which was the reduced versus planned sample size. Although the final sample size had more than 90% power to detect the prespecified effect size on 24-hour BP, the primary end point, we lacked power to demonstrate the impact of the program on drug adherence, which was our intention when planning the sample size. Antihypertensive agent adherence is usually between 50% and 70% in the North American population.22,32 In addition to possible β error, a much larger than expected adherence in the control group (74%) may have contributed to the nonsignificant effect of the intervention on preestablished adherence scores. Nevertheless, the higher posthoc adherence composite index with the intervention, albeit a secondary posthoc analysis, suggests that intervention subjects taking more antihypertensive medications were more adherent than control subjects. Secondly, the extent to which BP improvements observed with the intervention can be sustained beyond the duration of the study is unknown. Finally, we cannot exclude the possibility that some significant effects of the intervention observed for secondary end points were by chance. This latter limitation does not apply for BP results, because all secondary BP end points were consistent with the primary end points of 24-hour SBP and DBP.

In summary, our IT-supported multidisciplinary management program significantly improved BP levels and control in primary care. These results were achieved through regular automated patient contact, nursing support as needed, and monthly feedback to physicians and pharmacists, which led to more medication dosage adjustments, changes or additions, a larger number of antihypertensive classes at study end, and a trend toward improved adherence. Our results clearly support the need for further investigation on innovative approaches that can improve the management of hypertension and other chronic diseases.


   Appendix
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 WHAT IS KNOWN
 WHAT THE STUDY ADDS
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Appendix
References
 
Steering Committee
S. Rinfret, M.-T. Lussier, F. Duhamel, L. Lalonde, J. LeLorier, J. Turgeon, A. Peirce, F. Ali (Pfizer Canada Inc) and P. Hamet (Study Director).

Advisory and Blinded End Point Committee
D. Drouin, A. Milot (Université Laval) and R. Tamblyn (McGill University).

Data Management and Statistical Analyses
D. Johnson, PhD, M.-C. Guertin, PhD, A. Nozza, Y. Ssuto, and A. Brunelle from the MHICC were responsible for independent statistical analysis of the data. The MHICC received financial compensation as the data management and statistical analysis subcontractor. The MHICC was responsible for randomization and stratification, production of case report forms, data entry, and management and the analysis and interpretation of the data.

Study Staff
C. Tremblay, C. Mayrand, R. Jolicoeur, M.R. Guertin, L. Julien, and A. Peirce were study employees.

Participating Physicians
C. Ricard, MD, G. Lalonde, MD, M.J. Poulin, MD, L. Trudelle, MD, Médi-Centre Chomedey; M. Breton, MD, Centre Médical Laval; H. Chénard, MD, C. Saucier, MD, Polyclinique Médicale Concorde; M. Beauchamp, MD, B. Emond, MD (posthumously), M. Cardin, MD, M. Ouellettei, MD, Centre Médical Laval Ouest; M.T. Lussier, MD, MSc, A. Turcotte, MD, A. Desfossés, MD, J. Giroux, MD, B. Millette, MD, UMF/GMF Cité de la Santé de Laval; M. Pilon, MD, S. Meagher, MD, C. Lortie, MD, Le Carrefour Médical; D. Chabot, MD, E. Chabrol, MD, CLSC-CHSLD Ste-Rose; J. Rivest, MD, Clinique L’Envolée. Participating physicians were paid a small honorarium for referral of subjects that qualified, were randomized, and completed the study.

Participating Pharmacists
J. Thiffault, P. Dannel, B. Latreille, P. Carbonneau, J.F. Vachon, N. Rompre, J. Poissant, M. Kawmi, J. Bourget, S. Dupras, V. Ouellet, P. Potvin, T. Giguère, V. Paquet, R. Fournier et L. Villagi, L. Brissy, M. Mathieu, C. Azzi et M. Carette, A. Desmarais et B. Desmarais, E. Busque, E. Assal, Jean-Coutu; M. El-Achkar, V. Mauriello, B. Pavao, C. Duguay, A. Brault, P. Tsonis, Pharmaprix; V. Landry et M. Tsoumis, D. Pilon, Clini Plus; Lessard, Hébert & Assoc, J. Mercier, M. Chabot, N. Gauthier, Clinique-Santé; É. Sansregret, A.M. Bossé, P.C. Boucher, Uniprix; J. Paquette, N. Sévigny et P. Lapointe, Proxim. Participating pharmacies were paid a small honorarium for transmitting individual patient data and for their time during site monitoring and audit visits.


   Acknowledgments
 
We thank our study nurses, C. Tremblay, C. Mayrand, R. Jolicoeur, M.-.R Guertin, and L. Julien, the advisory and blinded end point committee, D. Drouin, A. Milot (Université Laval) and R. Tamblyn (McGill University), the IT provider Voice Synergies Inc, participating physicians and pharmacists, and all subjects without whom the study would not have been possible.

Sources of Funding

This work was supported by an independent research grant from Pfizer Canada Inc and grants awarded by the Canadian Institutes for Health Research (CIHR/Rx&D program) and the Fonds de recherche en santé du Québec (FRSQ). All three sponsors provided input on the design and requirements regarding conduct and did not participate in the collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; and preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript. S. Rinfret, a junior clinician scientist of the FRSQ, M.-T. Lussier, J. LeLorier, and P. Hamet each received an honorarium from Pfizer Canada Inc. F. Duhamel and S. Cossette received an honorarium from the CHUM. A. Peirce and C. Tremblay were study employees paid by the study grants.

Disclosures

Members of the advisory and blinded end point committee were not paid for their participation and had no conflicts of interest. No other potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 WHAT IS KNOWN
 WHAT THE STUDY ADDS
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Appendix
 References
 
1. Joffres MR, Hamet P, MacLean DR, L'Italien GJ, Fodor G. Distribution of blood pressure and hypertension in Canada and the United States. Am J Hypertens. 2001; 14: 1099–1105.[CrossRef][Medline]

2. Berlowitz DR, Ash AS, Hickey EC, Friedman RH, Glickman M, Kader B, Moskowitz MA. Inadequate management of blood pressure in a hypertensive population. N Engl J Med. 1998; 339: 1957–1963.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

3. Neutel JM. The use of combination drug therapy in the treatment of hypertension. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs. 2002; 17: 81–88.[CrossRef][Medline]

4. Roumie CL, Elasy TA, Wallston KA, Pratt S, Greevy RA, Liu X, Alvarez V, Dittus RS, Speroff T. Clinical inertia: a common barrier to changing provider prescribing behavior. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2007; 33: 277–285.[Medline]

5. Richard C, Lussier MT. La communication professionnelle en santé. ERPI: Montréal, Canada 840 p. 2005.

6. Borenstein JE, Graber G, Saltiel E, Wallace J, Ryu S, Archi J, Deutsch S, Weingarten SR. Physician-pharmacist comanagement of hypertension: a randomized, comparative trial. Pharmacotherapy. 2003; 23: 209–216.[CrossRef][Medline]

7. McPherson CP, Swenson KK, Pine DA, Leimer L. A nurse-based pilot program to reduce cardiovascular risk factors in a primary care setting. Am J Manag Care. 2002; 8: 543–555.[Medline]

8. Okamoto MP, Nakahiro RK. Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of a pharmacist-managed hypertension clinic. Pharmacotherapy. 2001; 21: 1337–1344.[CrossRef][Medline]

9. Bates DW, Gawande AA. Improving safety with information technology. N Engl J Med. 2003; 348: 2526–2534.[Free Full Text]

10. Mehos BM, Saseen JJ, MacLaughlin EJ. Effect of pharmacist intervention and initiation of home blood pressure monitoring in patients with uncontrolled hypertension. Pharmacotherapy. 2000; 20: 1384–1389.[CrossRef][Medline]

11. Rogers MA, Small D, Buchan DA, Butch CA, Stewart CM, Krenzer BE, Husovsky HL. Home monitoring service improves mean arterial pressure in patients with essential hypertension. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2001; 134: 1024–1032.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

12. Friedman RH. Automated telephone conversations to assess health behavior and deliver behavioral interventions. J Med Syst. 1998; 22: 95–102.[CrossRef][Medline]

13. Friedman RH, Kazis LE, Jette A, Smith MB, Stollerman J, Torgerson J, Carey K. A telecommunications system for monitoring and counseling patients with hypertension. Impact on medication adherence and blood pressure control. Am J Hypertens. 1996; 9: 285–292.[CrossRef][Medline]

14. Rudd P, Miller NH, Kaufman J, Kraemer HC, Bandura A, Greenwald G, Debusk RF. Nurse management for hypertension. A systems approach. Am J Hypertens. 2004; 17: 921–927.[Medline]

15. Hansson L, Hedner T, Dahlof B. Prospective randomized open blinded end-point (PROBE) study. A novel design for intervention trials. Prospective Randomized Open Blinded End-Point. Blood Press. 1992; 1: 113–119.[Medline]

16. Hansson L, Hedner T, Lund-Johansen P, Kjeldsen SE, Lindholm LH, Syvertsen JO, Lanke J, de Faire U, Dahlof B, Karlberg BE. Randomised trial of effects of calcium antagonists compared with diuretics and beta-blockers on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Nordic Diltiazem (NORDIL) study. Lancet. 2000; 356: 359–365.[CrossRef][Medline]

17. Lindholm LH, Hansson L, Ekbom T, Dahlof B, Lanke J, Linjer E, Schersten B, Wester PO, Hedner T, de Faire U. Comparison of antihypertensive treatments in preventing cardiovascular events in elderly diabetic patients: results from the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension-2. STOP Hypertension-2 Study Group. J Hypertens. 2000; 18: 1671–1675.[CrossRef][Medline]

18. Hemmelgarn BR, McAllister FA, Myers MG, McKay DW, Bolli P, Abbott C, Schiffrin EL, Grover S, Honos G, Lebel M, Mann K, Wilson T, Penner B, Tremblay G, Tobe SW, Feldman RD. The 2005 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for the management of hypertension: part 1- blood pressure measurement, diagnosis and assessment of risk. Can J Cardiol. 2005; 21: 645–656.[Medline]

19. Padwal RJ, Hemmelgarn BR, Khan NA, Grover S, McAlister FA, McKay DW, Wilson T, Penner B, Burgess E, Bolli P, Hill MD, Mahon J, Myers MG, Abbott C, Schiffrin EL, Honos G, Mann K, Tremblay G, Milot A, Cloutier L, Chockalingam A, Rabkin SW, Dawes MD, Touyz RM, Bell C, Burns KD, Ruzicka M, Campbell NR, Lebel M, Tobe SW. The 2008 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for the management of hypertension: Part 1 - blood pressure measurement, diagnosis and assessment of risk. Can J Cardiol. 2008; 24: 455–463.[Medline]

20. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT Jr, Roccella EJ. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003; 289: 2560–2572.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

21. Morisky DE, Green LW, Levine DM. Concurrent and predictive validity of a self-reported measure of medication adherence. Med Care. 1986; 24: 67–74.[Medline]

22. Steiner JF, Prochazka AV. The assessment of refill compliance using pharmacy records: methods, validity, and applications. J Clin Epidemiol. 1997; 50: 105–116.[CrossRef][Medline]

23. Cooper JK, Love DW, Raffoul PR. Intentional prescription nonadherence (noncompliance) by the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1982; 30: 329–333.[Medline]

24. Clement DL, De Buyzere ML, De Bacquer DA, de Leeuw PW, Duprez DA, Fagard RH, Gheeraert PJ, Missault LH, Braun JJ, Six RO, Van Der Niepen P, O'Brien E. Prognostic value of ambulatory blood-pressure recordings in patients with treated hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2003; 348: 2407–2415.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

25. Godwin M, Delva D, Seguin R, Casson I, MacDonald S, Birtwhistle R, Lam M. Relationship between blood pressure measurements recorded on patients’ charts in family physicians’ offices and subsequent 24 hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2004; 4: 2.[CrossRef][Medline]

26. Fagard RH, Cornelissen VA. Incidence of cardiovascular events in white-coat, masked and sustained hypertension versus true normotension: a meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2007; 25: 2193–2198.[Medline]

27. Turnbull F. Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: results of prospectively-designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet. 2003; 362: 1527–1535.[CrossRef][Medline]

28. White WB. Ambulatory blood-pressure monitoring in clinical practice. N Engl J Med. 2003; 348: 2377–2378.[Free Full Text]

29. Padfield PL, Parati G. Home blood pressure monitoring in clinical practice: how many measurements and when? J Hypertens. 2007; 25: 1337–1339.[CrossRef][Medline]

30. Pickering TG, Miller NH, Ogedegbe G, Krakoff LR, Artinian NT, Goff D. Call to action on use and reimbursement for home blood pressure monitoring: executive summary: a joint scientific statement from the American Heart Association, American Society Of Hypertension, and Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association. Hypertension. 2008; 52: 1–9.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

31. Wolf-Maier K, Cooper RS, Kramer H, Banegas JR, Giampaoli S, Joffres MR, Poulter N, Primatesta P, Stegmayr B, Thamm M. Hypertension treatment and control in five European countries, Canada, and the United States. Hypertension. 2004; 43: 10–17.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

32. Feldman R, Bacher M, Campbell N, Drover A, Chockalingam A. Adherence to pharmacologic management of hypertension. Can J Public Health. 1998; 89: I16–18.[Medline]

33. Green BB, Cook AJ, Ralston JD, Fishman PA, Catz SL, Carlson J, Carrell D, Tyll L, Larson EB, Thompson RS. Effectiveness of home blood pressure monitoring, Web communication, and pharmacist care on hypertension control: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008 Jun 25; 299: 2857–2867.[CrossRef]




This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Circ Cardiovasc Qual OutcomesHome page
H. M. Krumholz
One Year at Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes
Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes, September 1, 2009; 2(5): 399 - 401.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Circ Cardiovasc Qual OutcomesHome page
H. M. Krumholz
Medicine in the Era of Outcomes Measurement
Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes, May 1, 2009; 2(3): 141 - 143.
[Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Free upon publication Free Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
2/3/170    most recent
CIRCOUTCOMES.108.823765v1
Right arrow Submit an eLetter
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Rinfret, S.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Rinfret, S.
Related Collections
Right arrow Compliance/Adherence
Right arrow Primary prevention
Right arrow Clinical Studies

Home | Subscriptions | Archives | Feedback | Authors | Help | Circulation Journals Home | AHA Journals Home | Search
Copyright © 2009 American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Unauthorized use prohibited.